Bufo bufo, the Common toad,consumes insects, earthworms, snails, and various other invertebrates, occasionally preying on small rodents. In turn, it becomes a target for predators, including the River otter (Lutra lutra), the buzzard (Buteo buteo), the Great horned owl (Bubo bubo), and the White stork (Ciconia ciconia).
The Common toad serves as a host for parasites, including the fly Lucilia bufonivora, whose larvae consume its tissues.